Functionalism

Functionalism – also known as funkis – is a branch of modernist architecture. It was one of the most influential movements in Danish architecture of the 20th century.

The origins of functionalism

Functionalism arose as a reaction against the historicist architecture that dominated the 19th century. That style was marked by lavish ornaments and decorations, often seen as displays of wealth and power. But functionalists believed such architecture was inefficient and unnecessary.

Functionalism was also heavily influenced by the progress of industry and technology in the 20th century. Factories and other industrial buildings had already been constructed without unnecessary decoration, and functionalists argued that this principle should be applied to all building types.

Functionalism in practice

Functionalism focuses on the usefulness of a building’s form and design. Buildings should be created to serve their purpose – whether as housing, offices, or hospitals. Materials and technologies should therefore be employed in ways that best suit the building’s function.

Functionalism also demanded honesty in design. A building’s structure and purpose should be visible, allowing people to understand how it works and how it is constructed. This often meant the absence of embellishment or superficial decoration.

Another key principle of functionalism was the appropriate use of materials and techniques. These were to be chosen not only for functionality but also for their aesthetic qualities.

Functionalism and society

Functionalist architecture was also shaped by broader social and political movements. Functionalists believed their design principles could be applied to society at large. They held that architecture could help solve social problems by creating a more rational and efficient world.

Functionalism was part of modernism – the wider 20th-century movement that looked toward the future and embraced technological progress.